feeling of warmth, redness of the face, neck, arms and occasionally, upper chest. large, hive-like swelling on face, eyelids, lips, tongue, throat, hands, legs, feet, or sex organs. shortness of breath, difficult or labored breathing. Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention.Jun 6, 2023 · Benadryl may cause serious side effects including: pounding heartbeats or fluttering in your chest, painful or difficult urination, little or no urination, confusion, lightheadedness, tightness in your neck or jaw, and. uncontrollable movements of your tongue. Get medical help right away, if you have any of the symptoms listed above. Addiction and Misuse. Another cause of overdose is an addiction to Diphenhydramine. Patients can become addicted to Benadryl after taking it for an extended period or when it is used for recreational purposes. Side effects of Diphenhydramine overdose often cause long-term damage, which can be fatal to patients ingesting it.Long term use of some antihistamines may increase your risk of dementia. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter is vital for memory and learning. Diphenhydramine increased the risk of dementia by 54% in one 3,000 patient study followed for seven years.Jul 7, 2022 · Advertisement constipation. blurred vision. memory problems and dementia (especially in seniors) anxiety. dependence. What are the side effects of taking Benadryl every night? SIDE EFFECTS: Drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, stomach upset, blurred vision, or dry mouth/nose/throat may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacistRead More → Applies to diphenhydramine: compounding powder, injectable solution, oral capsule, oral disintegrating strip, oral liquid, oral tablet, oral tablet chewable, oral tablet disintegrating. General The most commonly reported side effects included somnolence, dizziness, and incoordination.Jun 5, 2019 · Moderate and Severe Benadryl Side Effects. If patients are using Benadryl for an allergic reaction, and experience any of the following moderate to severe Benadryl side effects they should consult their medical doctor or contact emergency medical services to minimize injury to their health: Contact and Atopic dermatitis ~1.0-10.0%; Confusion Nov 15, 2019 · Central side effects. Since these actions are disrupted by sedating antihistamines, these drugs produce sedation, drowsiness, tiredness, lack of concentration, difficulty in learning and memory ... 1. McMillan JM, Aitken E, Holroyd-Leduc JM. Management of insomnia and long-term use of sedative- hypnotic drugs in older patients. CMAJ 2013;185:1499–505. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] 2. Gray SL, Anderson ML, Dublin S, et al. Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study.Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold.These symptoms include rash, itching, watery eyes, itchy eyes/nose/throat, cough, runny nose ... Addiction and Misuse. Another cause of overdose is an addiction to Diphenhydramine. Patients can become addicted to Benadryl after taking it for an extended period or when it is used for recreational purposes. Side effects of Diphenhydramine overdose often cause long-term damage, which can be fatal to patients ingesting it.May 25, 2023 · Signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes. Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed. A very bad skin reaction ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis) may happen. Aug 15, 2023 · It can sometimes cause a decrease in memory, confusion, and thinking issues. These side effects are more common in elders. In addition, taking Benadryl long-term might increase the risk of dementia. People aged> 65 who took medications such as Benadryl daily for over three years had an increased risk of dementia. May 25, 2023 · Signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes. Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed. A very bad skin reaction ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis) may happen. Oct 3, 2022 · Applies to diphenhydramine: compounding powder, injectable solution, oral capsule, oral disintegrating strip, oral liquid, oral tablet, oral tablet chewable, oral tablet disintegrating. General The most commonly reported side effects included somnolence, dizziness, and incoordination. IV administration of 50 mg of DPH resulted in immediate improvement of tremor, rigidity, tachycardia, and eye versions. The patient was started on oral DPH 50 mg 4 times a day and the dose was reduced by 25% every 3 days. Oral clonidine 0.1 mg 3 times a day and a weekly 0.1 mg transdermal patch was added to mitigate sympathetic side effects.Diphenhydramine or : Benadryl (diphenhydramine) may cause sedation the next day (due to its long half-life), decreased alertness, diminished cognitive function, delirium, ... Read More. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. Learn how we can help. 5k views Reviewed >2 years ago. Nov 14, 2022 · A 2017 study revealed that 10% of adults aged 18-45 use OTC sleep aids while 17.5% of people 65 years and older do. Most over-the-counter options are considered safe when used occasionally—as long as the medication is compatible with any medical conditions you have and other medications you take. But when taken night after night, trouble can ... Diphenhydramine is a common ingredient in sleeping aids; it is also used to treat allergies. While effective, the risk of serious diphenhydramine side effects—including confusion, dizziness, urinary retention, and liver or kidney issues—is increased in people age 65 and older.Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. These symptoms include rash, itching, watery eyes, itchy eyes /nose/throat, cough, runny ...The Major Antihistamine Effects of Diphenhydramine Prevents Histamine-Mediated: constriction of respiratory smooth muscle. rapid vasodilation in blood vessels. increased capillary permeability and subsequent edema. sensations of itching, pain, and “flare” formation. increase in heart rate and strength of contraction.Diphenhydramine blocks the effects of histamine in your brain and this reduces symptoms. It enters the brain in large quantities and this can make you feel drowsy. Diphenhydramine also blocks the effects of another chemical called acetylcholine. This can help a cough or runny nose but can also cause side effects such as a dry mouth and dry nose. Benadryl and Depression. Although there is no direct effect of Benadryl on depression, regular and daily use of Benadryl does result in severe depression in the individual. It is believed to be helpful only for the short term, however, long term use of Benadryl results in certain depressive symptoms in the individual.Dear Alice, I've experimented with the abuse of Benadryl on a few occasions now and have been absolutely blown off to another world, I was just curious as to what the side affects, long or short-term, can look like, and what the dangers are of abusing this drug (acetaminophen free).Jun 5, 2019 · The Major Antihistamine Effects of Diphenhydramine Prevents Histamine-Mediated: constriction of respiratory smooth muscle. rapid vasodilation in blood vessels. increased capillary permeability and subsequent edema. sensations of itching, pain, and “flare” formation. increase in heart rate and strength of contraction. Yeah, look at r/dph.Datura is even worse. It's like dph, but way more likely to kill you or make you go blind. Shadow people and spiders and having full conversations with people who don't exist usually only happens in the 400+ category. Between 150mg and there, it's usually just having to piss but being unable to, dysphoria/fear, beAnxiety. Asthma. Car Sickness. Insomnia. Motion sickness. Reactions to Vaccines. Because one of the common side effect of Benadryl in dogs is drowsiness, your vet may use it to alleviate dog anxiety, particularly associated with traveling and motion sickness that may occur during plane rides or car trips.Long term use of some antihistamines may increase your risk of dementia. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter is vital for memory and learning. Diphenhydramine increased the risk of dementia by 54% in one 3,000 patient study followed for seven years.Hives. Swelling and inflammation. Redness. Runny nose and eyes. Coughing. Sneezing. Anaphylactic reaction. One of the side effects of Benadryl is drowsiness, which can help to calm anxious dogs ...Nov 24, 2022 · But it has quite a long list of possible side effects. In fact, the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology has given serious warnings about them, even for people. The organization issued a 2019 position statement about Benadryl. They advised against the drug because of the high risk of side effects and overdose. They said the drug ... Oct 6, 2015 · Caution should be exercised for long-term use of Benadryl (diphenhydramine), an antihistamine and a non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic, because of the association of increased risk for dementia. 1. McMillan JM, Aitken E, Holroyd-Leduc JM. Management of insomnia and long-term use of sedative- hypnotic drugs in older patients. CMAJ 2013;185:1499–505. [ PMC free article] [ PubMed] [ Google Scholar] 2. Gray SL, Anderson ML, Dublin S, et al. Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study.Sep 4, 2023 · Impaired concentration. Memory difficulties. Anxiety. Stomach disturbances. Nausea and vomiting. A dry mouth. Constipation. Liver problems, etc. In certain people, a paradoxical reaction to diphenhydramine is possible, meaning that the drug causes different symptoms than the intended ones. Long term use of some antihistamines may increase your risk of dementia. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter is vital for memory and learning. Diphenhydramine increased the risk of dementia by 54% in one 3,000 patient study followed for seven years.Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is a common over-the-counter allergy medication. It’s part of a class of drugs called anticholinergics that research has linked to dementia in older people.Oct 9, 2018 · Many older adults may take sleeping pills because pain, nerve problems or other health issues are keeping them up at night, she says. For these people, a sleeping pill is standing in the way of ... Besides having side effects including drowsiness, confusion, and urinary retention, a new study shows that frequent, long-term use of older antihistamines are associated with an increased risk of ...Apr 9, 2020 · Diphenhydramine, brand name Benadryl ®, is one of the oldest and most frequently used over-the-counter medications for children. However, many better options are now widely available, all of which are faster acting, longer lasting, with less side effects. Antihistamines counteract the effect of histamine throughout the body, and treat a range ... Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. These symptoms include rash, itching, watery eyes, itchy eyes /nose/throat, cough, runny ...May 17, 2018 · Answer From Eric J. Olson, M.D. It's unlikely you'll become dependent on zolpidem (Ambien). Ambien and similar sleep medications can be effective, and they're much less likely to be habit-forming than some other drugs sometimes prescribed for sleep problems — for example, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam (Xanax), lorazepam (Ativan) or ... Side effects of antihistamines that make you drowsy can include: sleepiness (drowsiness) and reduced co-ordination, reaction speed and judgement – do not drive or use machinery after taking these antihistamines. dry mouth. blurred vision. difficulty peeing. Side effects of non-drowsy antihistamines can include: headache. Applies to diphenhydramine: compounding powder, injectable solution, oral capsule, oral disintegrating strip, oral liquid, oral tablet, oral tablet chewable, oral tablet disintegrating. General The most commonly reported side effects included somnolence, dizziness, and incoordination.Adults and children ≥12 years of age receiving conventional or orally disintegrating tablets: Headache, somnolence, fatigue, dry mouth. Fixed combination loratadine (the active ingredient contained in Claritin) pseudoephedrine sulfate preparations: Insomnia, dry mouth, headache, somnolence, nervousness, dizziness, fatigue.Jul 9, 2015 · Higher dosage or long-term use of common drugs with anticholinergic effects is linked to significantly increased risk of dementia - including Alzheimer’s - says large study. Giving Benadryl to dogs long term in some cases can be helpful for the dog. However, one of the main side effects of Benadryl is drowsiness. Giving too much dog Benadryl can cause the dog to go into a deep sleep for some time. Additionally, in some cases Benadryl can cause upset stomach and even possibly loss of appetite.Aug 15, 2023 · It can sometimes cause a decrease in memory, confusion, and thinking issues. These side effects are more common in elders. In addition, taking Benadryl long-term might increase the risk of dementia. People aged> 65 who took medications such as Benadryl daily for over three years had an increased risk of dementia. Benadryl dosage for dogs. The correct dosage of diphenhydramine for dogs depends on their weight. A small dog will need much less than a big dog to receive the same positive effects. According to ...Jun 5, 2019 · Moderate and Severe Benadryl Side Effects. If patients are using Benadryl for an allergic reaction, and experience any of the following moderate to severe Benadryl side effects they should consult their medical doctor or contact emergency medical services to minimize injury to their health: Contact and Atopic dermatitis ~1.0-10.0%; Confusion Aug 15, 2023 · It can sometimes cause a decrease in memory, confusion, and thinking issues. These side effects are more common in elders. In addition, taking Benadryl long-term might increase the risk of dementia. People aged> 65 who took medications such as Benadryl daily for over three years had an increased risk of dementia. May 25, 2023 · Signs of liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach or stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes. Not able to pass urine or change in how much urine is passed. A very bad skin reaction ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome / toxic epidermal necrolysis) may happen. Jun 8, 2022 · Sleep aids: The options. Sleep aids available without a prescription are widely available. Common choices and the potential side effects include: Diphenhydramine (Benadryl). Diphenhydramine is a sedating antihistamine. Side effects might include daytime drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation and urinary retention. Doxylamine (Unisom). But it has quite a long list of possible side effects. In fact, the Canadian Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology has given serious warnings about them, even for people. The organization issued a 2019 position statement about Benadryl. They advised against the drug because of the high risk of side effects and overdose. They said the drug ...Long term use of some antihistamines may increase your risk of dementia. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl®) blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine. This neurotransmitter is vital for memory and learning. Diphenhydramine increased the risk of dementia by 54% in one 3,000 patient study followed for seven years.Diphenhydramine, brand name Benadryl ®, is one of the oldest and most frequently used over-the-counter medications for children. However, many better options are now widely available, all of which are faster acting, longer lasting, with less side effects. Antihistamines counteract the effect of histamine throughout the body, and treat a range ...May 19, 2022 · Yes, certain side effects are possible after using Benadryl long term. For example, long-term use of Benadryl may cause: an increased risk of dementia; withdrawal symptoms after the drug is stopped* However, keep in mind that doctors typically don’t recommend taking Benadryl as a long-term treatment. Applies to diphenhydramine: compounding powder, injectable solution, oral capsule, oral disintegrating strip, oral liquid, oral tablet, oral tablet chewable, oral tablet disintegrating. General The most commonly reported side effects included somnolence, dizziness, and incoordination.Aug 15, 2023 · It can sometimes cause a decrease in memory, confusion, and thinking issues. These side effects are more common in elders. In addition, taking Benadryl long-term might increase the risk of dementia. People aged> 65 who took medications such as Benadryl daily for over three years had an increased risk of dementia. Official answer. Diphenhydramine can be used as a short-term sleep aid to help ease occasional sleep problems. Older adults, children under age 16 and pregnant women should avoid taking diphenhydramine, as the risks to these groups may outweigh the benefits. Diphenhydramine should not be taken as a treatment for chronic insomnia.The main long-term side effects of Plaquenil are eye-related. ... To manage your symptoms, they may suggest an over-the-counter antihistamine you take by mouth, such as Benadryl (diphenhydramine ...May 13, 2021 · The active ingredient in Benadryl is called diphenhydramine. Like any medication, Benadryl has several side effects. Some of the most common are: feeling sleepy or drowsy. dry mouth or throat ... Benadryl helps reduce the effects of natural chemicals in the body called histamines. It is used to treat the side effects of an allergic reaction, including: Benadryl can be taken to relieve the symptoms of hayfever (seasonal allergies) and motion sickness. It can also be taken to induce sleep and treat certain symptoms of Parkinson's disease.Mar 21, 2023 · There is very little scientific research about the long-term effects of Benadryl. Some side effects that may occur with long-term use include: constipation; blurred vision Apr 11, 2018 · Benadryl is a first-generation antihistamine, meaning it is one of the earlier drugs developed in this category of medications. First-generation antihistamines, like Benadryl, are often noted for their sedative side effects as they have the ability to travel to your brain (i.e. crosses the blood-brain barrier), which is why they can make you ... Nov 15, 2019 · Central side effects. Since these actions are disrupted by sedating antihistamines, these drugs produce sedation, drowsiness, tiredness, lack of concentration, difficulty in learning and memory ... There could be both short- and long-term consequences. Worried about the side effects of Ambien, Lunesta or other sleep aids? ... Diphenhydramine is an anticholinergic drug, which means it blocks ...Mar 21, 2023 · There is very little scientific research about the long-term effects of Benadryl. Some side effects that may occur with long-term use include: constipation; blurred vision The most common side effect is drowsiness, causing mild disorientation or dementia. An elderly person may fall asleep during normal activities. This sedating effect can cause unsteadiness. A person over 60 should get up slowly from a sitting or prone position to avoid fainting. If you take an anti-anxiety drug, it is not advisable to use ...May 17, 2019 · Diphenhydramine, which is the active ingredient in ZzzQuil, can cause side effects in some people. The most common side effects of diphenhydramine include: drowsiness. dizziness. loss of ... First-generation antihistamines come with an increased risk of certain side effects and drug interactions, so they are not generally advised for long-term usage. “With first-generation antihistamines, some people note decreasing effectiveness if used daily for several days,” says Dr. Lin.Jul 5, 2023 · Benadryl is an antihistamine that can be used to treat allergic reactions, relieve motion sickness, as a sleep aid, and relieve some symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Sedation is a common side effect. 5. Tips. Benadryl may be taken with or without food. Take exactly as directed. May 13, 2021 · The active ingredient in Benadryl is called diphenhydramine. Like any medication, Benadryl has several side effects. Some of the most common are: feeling sleepy or drowsy. dry mouth or throat ... Yes, certain side effects are possible after using Benadryl long term. For example, long-term use of Benadryl may cause: an increased risk of dementia; withdrawal symptoms after the drug is stopped* However, keep in mind that doctors typically don’t recommend taking Benadryl as a long-term treatment.Jul 27, 2017 · Take one to two 50mg tablets at least 30 minutes prior to bedtime. The maximum dose of two tablets works best for sleep. You can take Dramamine with or without food, but make sure you take a dose with a full glass of water 1 2. Swallow tablets whole; don't crush or chew. Plan on taking Dramamine four to six hours prior to waking for the next ... Oct 9, 2018 · Many older adults may take sleeping pills because pain, nerve problems or other health issues are keeping them up at night, she says. For these people, a sleeping pill is standing in the way of ... Benadryl may cause blurred vision and may impair your thinking or reactions. Be careful if you drive or do anything that requires you to be alert and able to see clearly. Drinking alcohol can increase certain side effects of diphenhydramine. Ask a doctor or pharmacist before using any other cold, cough, allergy, or sleep medicine.Warnings What to ask your doctor Q&A Benadryl (diphenhydramine) is used for allergies and allergic reactions, as well as common cold symptoms. Benadryl can cause mild or serious side...January 19, 2022. By Harvard Health Publishing Staff. A report published in JAMA Internal Medicine several years ago highlighted a link between long-term use of anticholinergic medications like Benadryl and dementia. While this study and other observational studies have also found this association, it doesn't prove that these drugs cause dementia.Aug 1, 2023 · skin rash. swollen joints. stomach discomfort, upset or pain. tender swollen glands in neck. tremor. unusual excitement, nervousness, restlessness, or irritability. vomiting. Other side effects not listed may also occur in some patients. If you notice any other effects, check with your healthcare professional. Giving Benadryl to dogs long term in some cases can be helpful for the dog. However, one of the main side effects of Benadryl is drowsiness. Giving too much dog Benadryl can cause the dog to go into a deep sleep for some time. Additionally, in some cases Benadryl can cause upset stomach and even possibly loss of appetite.General The most commonly reported side effects included somnolence, dizziness, and incoordination. [ Ref] Nervous system Common (1% to 10%): Sedation/somnolence/sleepiness, drowsiness, unsteadiness, dizziness, headache, attention disturbance Rare (0.01% to 0.1%): Extrapyramidal effects, tremor, convulsionsLong-term side effects Over-the-counter Benadryl is approved for temporary or short-term use and is not intended for long-term use. There is very little scientific research about the long-term ...Apr 24, 2023 · Long-term use may also lead to harmful side effects. The inability to fall or stay asleep can have a significant, negative impact on your mood, productivity, and overall health. Insomnia can also ... The short answer seems to be yes. While occasionally taking a Benadryl for sleep probably won’t lead to significant weight gain, chronic use of antihistamines can interfere with weight loss efforts. If you need an antihistamine for frequent allergy symptoms, however, the best choice is Claritin because it does not cross into the brain and has ...Taking an over-the-counter sleep aid with diphenhydramine once in a while is generally not going to cause problems, other than a possible hangover the next day. Older people, however, can get confused when taking diphenhydramine because it also blocks a brain chemical called acetylcholine, which plays a big role in attention and short-term memory.Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is a common over-the-counter allergy medication. It’s part of a class of drugs called anticholinergics that research has linked to dementia in older people.Benadryl may cause serious side effects including: pounding heartbeats or fluttering in your chest, painful or difficult urination, little or no urination, confusion, lightheadedness, tightness in your neck or jaw, and. uncontrollable movements of your tongue. Get medical help right away, if you have any of the symptoms listed above.Sep 14, 2022 · Benadryl helps reduce the effects of natural chemicals in the body called histamines. It is used to treat the side effects of an allergic reaction, including: Benadryl can be taken to relieve the symptoms of hayfever (seasonal allergies) and motion sickness. It can also be taken to induce sleep and treat certain symptoms of Parkinson's disease.
Benadryl Addiction Side Effects. Despite having numerous benefits in the medical world, Benadryl has its share of negative side effects when abused. Some effects are short term whereas others can last a lifetime. A user can either encounter psychological effects, physical effects, or both. Some of the physical effects to watch out for include .... Awb icons.woff
Impaired concentration. Memory difficulties. Anxiety. Stomach disturbances. Nausea and vomiting. A dry mouth. Constipation. Liver problems, etc. In certain people, a paradoxical reaction to diphenhydramine is possible, meaning that the drug causes different symptoms than the intended ones.Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. These symptoms include rash, itching, watery eyes, itchy eyes /nose/throat, cough, runny ...Answer (1 of 2): Here is one long term study: “These drugs are called anticholinergics, among them the first-generation antihistamines that are now marketed as sleep aids.Diphenhydramine, which is the active ingredient in ZzzQuil, can cause side effects in some people. The most common side effects of diphenhydramine include: drowsiness. dizziness. loss of ...Benadryl Addiction Side Effects. Despite having numerous benefits in the medical world, Benadryl has its share of negative side effects when abused. Some effects are short term whereas others can last a lifetime. A user can either encounter psychological effects, physical effects, or both. Some of the physical effects to watch out for include ...Jan 10, 2023 · hoarseness. lack or loss of strength. pain in the lower back or side. swelling of the hands, feet, or lower legs. trembling or shaking. Common side effects that do require medical attention ... Oct 3, 2022 · Applies to diphenhydramine: oral capsules and tablets, parenteral injection. Side effects include: Sedation, sleepiness, dizziness, disturbed coordination, epigastric distress, thickening of bronchial secretions. Sep 4, 2023 · Impaired concentration. Memory difficulties. Anxiety. Stomach disturbances. Nausea and vomiting. A dry mouth. Constipation. Liver problems, etc. In certain people, a paradoxical reaction to diphenhydramine is possible, meaning that the drug causes different symptoms than the intended ones. Uses Diphenhydramine is an antihistamine used to relieve symptoms of allergy, hay fever, and the common cold. These symptoms include rash, itching, watery eyes, itchy eyes /nose/throat, cough,... Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), commonly referred to as drug-induced movement disorders are among the most common adverse drug effects patients experience from dopamine-receptor blocking agents. It was first described in 1952 after chlorpromazine-induced symptoms resembling Parkinson disease.[1] A variety of movement phenotypes has since been described along the EPS spectrum, including ...What are the side effects of Benadryl ... Diphenhydramine is only for short-term use until your symptoms clear up. ... (such as a long car ride, airplane or boat travel, amusement park rides, etc ...Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS), commonly referred to as drug-induced movement disorders are among the most common adverse drug effects patients experience from dopamine-receptor blocking agents. It was first described in 1952 after chlorpromazine-induced symptoms resembling Parkinson disease.[1] A variety of movement phenotypes has since been described along the EPS spectrum, including ....
